How Did Cristóbal Colón Become Christopher Columbus

Since Christopher Columbus came from Spain, it should be obvious this English-sounding name, Christopher Columbus, wasnt the name he himself used. In fact, his name in Spanish was altogether different: Cristà ³bal Colà ³n. But why are his names in English and Spanish so divergent? Columbus Derived from Italian Columbus name in English is an anglicized version of the Columbus birth name. According to most accounts, Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy, as Cristoforo Colombo, which is obviously much more similar to the English version than is the Spanish one. The same is true in most of the major European languages: Its Christophe Colomb in French, Kristoffer Kolumbus in Swedish, Christoph Kolumbus in German, and Christoffel Columbus in Dutch. So perhaps the question that should be asked is how Cristoforo Colombo ended up as Cristà ³bal Colà ³n in his adopted country of Spain. (Sometimes his first name in Spanish is rendered as Cristà ³val, which is pronounced the same, since the b and v sound identical.) Unfortunately, the answer to this question appears to be lost in history. Most historical accounts indicate that Colombo changed his name to Colà ³n when he moved to Spain and became a citizen. The reasons remain unclear, although he most likely did it to make himself sound more Spanish, just as many European immigrants to the early United States anglicized their last names or changed them entirely. In other languages of the Iberian Peninsula, his name has characteristics of both the Spanish and Italian versions: Cristà ³và £o Colombo in Portuguese and Cristofor Colom in Catalan (one of the languages of Spain). Incidentally, some historians have questioned the traditional accounts surrounding Columbus Italian origins. Some even claim that Columbus was, in reality, a Portuguese Jew whose real name was Salvador Fernandes Zarco. In any case, theres little question that Columbus explorations were a key step in the spread of Spanish to what we now know as Latin America. The country of Colombia was named after him, as were the Costa Rican currency (the colà ³n) and one of Panamas largest cities (Colà ³n). At least 10 cities in the United States are named Columbus, and the District of Columbia was named after him, as was the Columbia River. Another Perspective on Columbus Name Shortly after this article was published, a reader offered another perspective: I just saw your article How Did Colà ³n Become Columbus? Its an interesting read, but I believe that it is somewhat in error. First, Cristoforo Colombo is the Italian version of his name, and since he is thought to have been Genoese, it is likely that this would not have been his original name. The common Genoese rendering is Christoffa Corombo (or Corumbo). Regardless, I do not know of any widely accepted historical evidence regarding his birth name. The Spanish name Colà ³n is widely attested. The Latin name Columbus is widely attested as well and was of his own choosing. But there is no undisputed evidence that either was an adaptation of his birth name. The word Columbus means dove in Latin, and Christopher means Christ-bearer. Though it is plausible that he adopted these Latin names as back-translations of his original name, it is equally plausible that he simply chose those names because he liked them, and they were superficially similar to Cristobal Colà ³n. The names Corombo and Colombo were common names in Italy, and I believe that these have simply been assumed to have been the original versions of his name. But I dont know that anybody has found actual documentation of that. Celebrations of Columbus in Spanish-Speaking Countries In much of Latin America, the anniversary of Columbus arrival in the Americas, Oct. 12, 1492, is celebrated as the Dà ­a de la Raza, or Day of the Race (race referring to the Spanish lineage). The name of the day has been changed to Dà ­a de la Raza y de la Hispanidad (Day of the Race and of Hispanicity) in Colombia, Dà ­a de la Resistencia Indà ­gena (Indigenous Resistance Day) in Venezuela, and Dà ­a de las Culturas (Cultures Day) in Costa Rica. Columbus Day is known as the  Fiesta Nacional (National Celebration) in Spain.

Examining Discrepancies Between Self And Other Predictions...

Experimenter’s name: Chelsey Jade Dempsey Title: Examining discrepancies between self and other predictions of future performance Background and aims of the experiment: The experiment was designed to find discrepancies between the different predictions of future performance. Self-efficacy and the research surround the subject has stimulated debate within research groups, different researchers have different theories on how self-efficacy affects performance. One side of the debate is that as long as self-efficacy is improving it will allow performance to improve, this is believed by Bandura (1997). However, as in all debates there is another side to Bandura’s (1997) findings, it can be stated that at as self-efficacy continues to rise it†¦show more content†¦However, there will be a negative relationship which will involve self-ratings. Methods: The start of the study opened with both participants completing a range of questionnaires, these included the NPI16, the HSNS, the Rosenberg scale and the TROSCI. Along with these questionnaires one putting hole, one putter and 20 golf balls was used in the rest of the study. The questionnaires are followed by practice putts (3 x 20) where the results will not be recorded, then whilst the observer is carefully watching, the performance putts shall take place (8 x 20). On the completion of each performance round the performer will record their own self-efficacy from their view and also the perceived amount of effort they put in. The estimation of the total amount of points would be written down before each trial, with the completion of the final trial meaning participants would swap roles. Summary: There are clear skills and abilities that experimenters need to possess when conducting an experiment, the main one being knowledge of the subject. No matter the type of the experiment, knowledge is needed as how are they meant to recognise trends in their results or answer questions from participants if they know very little about a very particular subject. Other skills include communication, punctuality, reliability and the ability to

Measurement research paper Free Essays

There is a saying that efforts of measurement depend on the out come of global teams. The difference between the outcome and the process isn’t so important but only that during research, what is measured depends on the work of the teams. Measurement can be seen as investing in order to make a descion or a desired outcome. We will write a custom essay sample on Measurement research paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now But also, there has to be some questions answered like what, when and how to measure. As for when to measure, this depends on the rates and time of team performances, as for how to measure this is based on the instrument going to be used in measuring. The use of measurement includes researching, getting the problem diagonised, training feedback and lastly evaluation in areas of training and selection.  Measurement attributes help in knowing what behaviours to concentrate on and determine. Behaviours examined leads to organizing attributes. These behaviours are usually organised in an allocation of a task. Volume is the space which a liquid occupies in a container. Volume measuring units include gallons, cups, and quarts but there is what we call the systems of metric which include litres and millilitres. The instruments used to collect the units may include measuring cups, cylinders, measuring spoons and beakers. In the case of measuring a liquid volume that is small for example if it is something like medicine (syrup), the best unit of measure to use is milliteres, If it is something which has a little more volume for example sugar in a sugar bowl, then its better to use a cup, but if this volume is actually liquid then it means the right unit of measure is pints. If the liquid is in a large volume then gallons are best to use. The best formula to use while measuring the volume in a bucket may be pi multiplied by 2r (radius) multiplied by h (height) which is  Ã‚  Ã‚   pi*2r*h Area is an enclosed dimensional geometric figure space The formula for measuring area in a bucket may be pie multiplied by pi multiplied by 2r (radius) multiplied by h (height) which is pi*2r*h Length is usually the space between the beginning of an object or point to the end. The space in between is what is called length. The distance around the object is called its perimeter. The measurement systems of length include customary units and metric units. And these include centimetres, miles or kilometeres.Lets say you are interested in measuring lengths which are short like the length of your face, then the best to use is centimetres. If you are measuring distances which are long for example from your house till the capital city centre, then the best is kilometres and miles. The best formula to use while measuring the length in a bucket may include 2 multiplied by pi multiplied r(radius) which is 2*pi*r Weight is amount of gravitational force on an object. The devices used to measure weight can include calibrated scale and two arm balance. Weight has customary units of measure and these are pounds. The metric units of measure are kilograms. If one wants to measure an object which is small or little, the best to use is milligrams, when the object is a bit bigger for example a glass, then the best to use is grams, then if the object is more bigger like if you want to know what your weight is, then the best to use is the kilograms and pounds, above all if the object is very very big like   a big animal like a giraffe, then you are free to use tons and kilograms as your units of measure. REFERENCES Neely, J. (2004). University of Northern Iowa. Retrieved March 14, 2007 Pollock, N., Thompson, S. (1998). University of Richmond. Retrieved March 14, 2007 Brannick, M. T., Salas, E., Prince, C. (Eds.). (1997). Team Performance Assessment and Measurement: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. How to cite Measurement research paper, Essays

Vermeesch and Lindgren Business Law †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Vermeesch and Lindgren Business Law. Answer: Introduction: The issue here revolve around the determination of legal liabilities for the given parties in reference to the negligence tort taking into the consideration the given situational circumstances. For the negligence tort to be applicable, it is paramount that three main conditions are satisfied. To begin with, the defendant must owe a duty to care towards the plaintiff which arises from the underlying situation or relation. In case of existence of this duty, the second aspect is the breach of this by negligence or carelessness of the defendant. Finally, this carelessness and breach of duty should culminate in damage to the plaintiff.( Pendleton Vickery, 2005). The duty of care tends to apply if the given plaintiff can be considered a neighbor for the given defendant and the set of circumstances. In order to ascertain the same, it needs to be established if the plaintiff would be potentially impacted in an adverse manner by the underlying choice exhibited by the defendant in relation to going ahead or forfeiting a particular activity (Davenport Parker, 2014). It is requisite by common law that any party that engages in any action or inaction must extend requisite care towards the neighbors so as to avoid any damage to them by the negligent conduct. However, this duty is limited only to those dangers which can be reasonable foreseeable and hence require appropriate care as outlines in the Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562 at 580 case (Harvey, 2009) For fulfilling the duty to care, the defendant is expected to take all reasonable measures possible and expected so that the risk to plaintiff becomes minimal. The exact steps and the care requisite would be contingent on the underlying situation especially the underlying impact and chances of occurrence. Hence, the reasonable steps to be undertaken and care extended would depend on the actual circumstances taken into cognizance by the court (Latimer, 2016). The breach of duty must lead to plaintiff being damaged which has a wide meaning in the negligence tort as it reaches to emotional and mental stress as valid damages besides the more obvious financial losses and physical injury (Harvey, 2009). Only those damages are considered critical are negligence tort which are on account of breach of duty and any other damages would be ignored. Also, to ascertain if a link is there between the damage caused and breach of duty and it needs to be checked if the damage could not been prevented if the breach had not occurred. Any damage which would have taken place even in the absence of breach of duty would not lie within the ambit of tort negligence (Lindgren, 2011). It is necessary that the responsibility of wellbeing of the plaintiff not only lies on the defendant but also on the plaintiff. As a result, the plaintiff is expected to undertake all possible measures in order to protect himself/herself from any damage. The negligent behavior on account of the plaintiff could lead to contributory negligence in line with the discussion in Astley v Austrust Limited (2000) 197 CLR 1; [1999] HCA 6 case and could serve as a defense mechanism for defendant to reduce the underlying liability imposed (Harvey, 2009). Cyrus As the two friends i.e. Olivia and Ritz took the bikes from Cyrus, hence he has a duty to care towards the two and the same should be exhibited by extending proper bikes to them so that they can reach their destination safely. He provided two bikes to them but both of these did not have a front light and one had a missing tail light. He did not inform Olivia and Ritz about the same but asked them not to use these on freeway and limit the rides to only the cycleway. The two friends were in a high mood and hence did not follow his advice. In this process they also ignored the warning signs which hinted at limiting them to freeway but the two friends acted negligently. While driving the bike, Olivia starts talking to her boyfriend on phone and is met by a car accident at a particular turning. There is ample evidence to reflect on the negligent conduct of the two friends to establish contributory negligence. Further, in the given accident, it is unlikely that even if there were proper head lights, the accident could have been averted as neither of the parties was devoting their full attention to the driving process alone. Hence, Cyrus would not be held liable for the damages suffered due to accident. Huck Huck has the duty to care to drive responsibly in order to ensure that others users of the road would remain safe. In order to discharge this duty, it is expected that the driver must keep an eye on the road always especially while taking a turn and that too at the night time. However, Huck while making a turn took his eyes off and started searching for the mobile which led to the accident in which Olivia sustained damages. Had Huck been more vigilant, the accident could have been averted or atleast no negligence claims could have been made against Huck. Hence, Huck would have to pay damages to the injured parties but would succeed in reducing the same on account of contributory negligence by the plaintiff. Quinn She is an electrician and going to the customer but on account of getting stuck in this accident she reaches late as a result the customer suffered damages in the form of spoiled food. It is apparent that Quinn had a duty to care and was expected to reach on time to the customer but the breach was on account of unforeseeable circumstances due to which, negligence tort would not apply here and hence Quinn would not be held responsible for the damages. The negligence tort has been successfully established only for Huck in which case also the liabilities would become less due to contributory negligence of the plaintiff i.e. the two friends. The issue is to extend an advice to Cyrus about his contractual liabilities on the account of the offer made regarding the sale of the four John Deere mowers. Two parties would be considered to be in legal contractual relationship when there is lawful offer and also lawful acceptance is present. Offeror has extended an offer to offeree that needs to be accepted on the part of offeree without any counter offer. It is imperative that offeree must inform the offeror regarding the acceptance of the offer. The offeree can either use postal media or electronic media to communicate the acceptance. It is noteworthy that when postal media is acquired by the offeree then the acceptance is validated on the offer at the precise time when the letter is posted by the offeree (Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 25 case) (Andrews, 2011). It is not necessary for the enforceability of the acceptance that it must be received by the offeror within a particular period. However, this condition is essential in case of electronic media. It means, an acceptance letter would only be considered as enforceable when the offeror has got the mail. Further, when acceptance has been already sent by offeree ,then the offeror cannot revoke the offer (Carter, 2012). Cyrus offers to sell the Deere mowers to offeree Rowan. Rowan has unconditionally accepted the offer. Rowan has replied back to Cyrus by confirming the offer. The confirmation letter has been sent by post to Cyrus, Cyrus informed Rowan regarding the revocation of initial offer after the confirmation letter had been sent on behalf of Rowan. It is apparent that Cyrus has offered to sell mowers to Rowan. He has also stated the consideration of $3450. Rowan has accepted the consideration amount and sent acceptance letter to Cyrus. The letter has been sent via post and this makes the acceptance enforceable on Cyrus. Hence, the parties have enacted a contract. Further, the act of Cyrus of revocation of offer cannot be considered valid because they already have formed a contract. It can be concluded from the above discussion that Rowan and Cyrus have enacted a contract Further, Cyrus is accountable to fulfil the contractual liabilities as highlighted in the offer. Moreover, if Cyrus does not fulfil the liabilities, then Rowan can sue or claim for the damages for not satisfying the liabilities. The critical issue is to determine whether Cyrus and James have entered into a legal relation or not and what remedies are available to Cyrus on the account of the revocation of promise by James. There are certain cases where the parties have not entered into a contractual relation but the rights of innocent party are defended. In such case, the provision of doctrine of promissory estoppel is applied. If the promisor has made a promise and same has been communicated to the promisee and the other party has conducted the activity by considering the intent of promisor that the promise would be completed, then in such cases the promise is known as conditional promise (McKendrick. 2003). Also, the promisor cannot revoke the promise and has the legal obligation to accomplish the promise. The Waltons Stores Ltd v Maher (1988) 164 CLR 387case is the witness of this understanding . Additionally, if the promisor does not accomplish the action cited, then common law has extended the rights to promisee that he/she can sue promisor and recover the damages (Taylor and Taylor, 2015). Cyrus wishes to buy a coffee shop in Mount Victoria. James who has already extended a shop on lease in Mount Victoria has promised (orally) Cyrus that he would extend the shop on lease to him once the exiting lease in gets finished. He also sends a letter to Cyrus in order to confirm the representation (promise). Cyrus has bought the business and the necessary activities based on Jamess promise. It is apparent that Cyrus has believed that James will provide the shop to him and hence, he has accomplished the business by considering the promise. Further, the act of James of revocation of the promise would result in significant losses to Cyrus. In such scenario, doctrine of promissory estoppels would preserve the rights of innocent party. Therefore, James would have to go ahead with the lease to Cyrus or Cyrus can recover damages for losses sustained. Based on the above, it can be concluded that James and Cyrus are binding into legal relation irrespective of the fact that James has denied to complete the promise. Hence, James has to satiate the promise otherwise Cyrus can sue him or recover the damages. In cases where any charitable actions are involved, the underlying law would be contract law. Thus, for any act to be legally enforceable, there has to be an offer extended to which the offeree must provide acceptance. However, in this process there should not be presence of duress or any misrepresentation which could make the contract voidable (Carter, 2012). Besides, consideration also needs to be present but the same must be sufficient in the judgment of the parties entering the contract. The court cannot intervene in this regard as is apparent from the proceedings of the Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87 case (Andrews, 2011). Conclusion A monetary contribution was demanded by Mr. Fallacious and Cyrus voluntarily donated a sum of AUD 320,000. The ey consideration for Cyrus at the moment probably would have been the self satisfaction. However, later he fell in love with David and after six months of being part of the brotherhood group decided that he wanted to settle down with David and demanded the money from Mr. Fallacious who refused to return the same. There is no evidence of any pressure or undue influence being used and it is quite realistic that in the mental state Cyrus was in, he decided to donate the money. Further, he never asked for the money after giving it and this was asked only after he decided to settle with David. Thus, it may be concluded that the contract with Mr. Fallacious was enforceable and hence Cyrus cannot demand the money donated back. References Andrews, Neil, (2011). Contract Law (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carter, J. (2012). Contract Act in Australia (3rd ed.). Sydney: LexisNexis Publications Davenport, S. Parker, D. (2014). Business and Law in Australia (2nd ed.). Sydney:LexisNexis Publications. Gibson, A. Fraser, D. (2014). Business Law (8th ed.). Sydney: Pearson Publications. Harvey, C. (2009). Foundations of Australian law (2nd ed.). Prahran, Vic.: Tilde University Press. Latimer, P. (2016). Australian Business Law CC (1st ed.). Sydney: LexisNexis Study Guide. Lindgren, KE. (2011).Vermeesch and Lindgren's Business Law of Australia (12th ed.). Sydney: LexisNexis Publications. McKendrick, E. (2003). Contract Law(5th ed.). Basingstoke:Palgrave Pendleton, W. Vickery, N. (2005). Australian business law: principles and applications (5th ed.). Sydney: Pearson Publications. Taylor, R. Taylor, D. (2015). Contract Law (5th ed.). London: Oxford University Press.